The Sodium Rhodizonate Test is a presumptive test used to indicate the presence of trace amounts of lead.  This is the most commonly used reagent for lead determination in shooting reconstruction investigations.

The Sodium Rhodizonate test can also be used to visualize “lead splashes” surrounding bullet holes.  A lead splash occurs when the lead tip of a bullet strikes a surface and is vaporized.  The vaporized lead then condenses on the surrounding cooler surface.  The presence of a lead splash often indicates that the bullet disintegrated upon impact with the surface.

If the substrate is light in color, the reagents can be applied directly to the surface. If the substrate is dark in color, use filter paper to perform the test.  If copper testing has already been performed on the surface, it must be completely dry before lead testing can be conducted. Spray a smooth piece of filter paper with pH 2.8 tartrate buffer until moistened.  Press the moistened filter paper against the bullet hole and hold firmly in place for 30 seconds.  Flip filter paper right side up and spray lightly with Sodium Rhodizonate reagent.  A pink color change around the edge of the bullet hole indicates a positive test for the presence of lead.  Capture results with digital photography.  If there is any question as to whether the pink color that has developed was a result of the presence of lead (2-NN also has a pink color change), then a 5% HCl reagent can be sprayed on the area.  The presence of lead will be indicated by a blue-purple color change.